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Created with Fabric.js 1.4.5 Trophozoite Phase (CDC, 2013) metronidazole (MZN), tinidazole, Cyst Phase (CDC, 2013) Giardia Lamblia (Gardner and Hill, 2001). Furthermore, existing antimicrobial therapies are not always effective, and drug resistance to all available drugs has been demonstrated in the laboratory (Petri, 2003). Current treatment consists of nitroimidazole drugs, i.e., However, most of the therapeutically used anti-giardial drugs, including MNZ, cause severe side effects and are not well tolerated by many patients (Amer et al., 2014). has a simple life cycle in which it alters between twomorphologically and biochemically distinct forms: the motiletrophozoites that cause disease by colonizing the upper small intestine of a variety of vertebrates, and the environmentallyresistant and highly infective cysts (Lujan et al., 1997). As a result of the ineffective antibiotic therapies, research has been carried out to analyse theeffectiveness of bacteriocins against a binucleated, flagellated protozoan parasite, is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea and intestinal upset worldwide(Adam, 2001). and ornidazole After ingestion of contaminated water or food, cysts undergo excystation, and the releasedtrophozoites colonise the upper small intestine of the host (Adam, 2001). Alternatives to Antibiotics: Bacteriocins Alternatives to Antibiotics: Bacteriocins "The demonstrated giardiacidal effect of bacteriocin was ultrastructuraly verified. SEM analysis of trophozoites collected from mice treated with bacteriocin for five successive days showed that they exhibited flagellar loss, marked roughness and irregularity of cell membrane, with the surface papillar scattering, corruption of dorsal shield, besides fragmentation of the adhesive disc in the majority of the trophozoites; a finding which would reasonably justify the noticeable reduction of the in vitro trophozoites adherence by this bacteriocin, since the cupping discs are responsible for the attachment of Giardia trophozoites to the host" (Amer et al., 2014). The World Health Organization has reported that Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. The report makes a clear case that resistance to common bacteria has reached alarming levels in many parts of the world and that in some settings, few, if any, of the available treatments options remain effective for common infection (WHO, 2014). Bacteriocins are found to be effective against many human pathogens, even though they target a narrow range of bacteria. Their major advantage is that they can act without affecting much of the natural microbiota of the body, when compared to other antibiotics (Nigam et al., 2014). epigastric pain Symptoms of infection include: steatorrhea diarrhea Bacteriocins are prokaryotic proteins or peptides with antimicrobial activity. Most of them exhibit a broad spectrum of activity, inhibiting micro-organisms belonging to different genera and species, including many bacterial pathogens which cause human, animalor plant infections (Bastos et al., 2014). nausea Giardia Oral bacteriocin for five days was sufficient to induce massive parasite reduction. Bacteriocin holds great promise as an alternative therapy for giardiasis(Amer at al., 2014). G. lamblia. Lactobacillus acidophilus L.acidophilus G.lamblia Katie Stewart.
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